Esta é uma tese que segue a trilha indicada por Mario Vegetti, ao compreender a figura do Platão político em relação às questões ideológicas que incidem na interpretação do próprio texto platônico, utilizando principalmente três diálogos, a República, as Leis e o Político. Devido a essa chave crítica, a primeira parte faz um breve levantamento dos principais argumentos criticados desde a Antiguidade, da comédia de Aristófanes e a refutação de Aristóteles até o neoplatonismo e o período Bizantino, mas saltando (...) direto para o século XX e a Guerra Fria, a qual contribuiu para a formatação de leituras tendenciosas em função do pensamento político de comentadores, como Karl Popper e Leo Strauss, bem como destaco os temas da História Antiga que foram influenciados pela Filosofia de Karl Marx, principalmente o conceito de classe social empregado em sociedades antigas. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa exploratória que seguiu um eixo temático de análise, baseando-se em temas que ainda atiçam nossa curiosidade contemporânea, os quais são interdependentes e se encontram entrelaçados em diversos momentos, visando melhor compreender os pontos principais das questões políticas em Platão. A discussão passa, então, por assuntos variados, como a manifestação do poder pela persuasão do discurso ou pela violência necessária da coação; a legitimidade da autoridade e o papel dos guardiões e dos legisladores; a ideologia e os modelos de cidade entre o paradigma da Calípolis e a Magnésia; a crítica à democracia em relação aos afetos e o paralelo entre alma e cidade; a colonização grega e a influência dela na elaboração de uma utopia normativa para a fundação de sociedades vindouras onde a justiça estaria melhor distribuída; a equiparidade de gênero e a abolição do modelo tradicional de família; a crítica à propriedade e o comunismo de bens e, por fim, a escravidão e o desprezo pela categoria do trabalho braçal. Em consequência disso, o grande diferencial teórico deste trabalho é a contextualização histórica realizada ao abordar a Filosofia Política platônica, pois é essa atitude que garante compreender Platão dentro dos limites de seu tempo, sem cair em um anacronismo raso, nem em uma idealização do autor, uma vez que é capaz de destacar a experiência compartilhada entre os autores gregos do período clássico em relação ao referencial de época que eles detinham como horizonte. (shrink)

Durante la Edad Moderna y Contemporánea numerosos retos se han abordado, de manera ideal o real, desde una perspectiva cosmopolita. El descubrimiento de América, las guerras entre Estados europeos en el siglo XVIII o la Segunda Guerra Mundial, son ejemplos de ello. En la época actual, la humanidad se enfrenta también a una serie de retos globales de gran magnitud: el mantenimiento de la paz, el respeto y garantía de los derechos humanos, el cambio climático, las migraciones internacionales, el aumento (...) de la desigualdad, las pandemias, el terrorismo, los paraísos fiscales o el colapso de los sistemas financieros. La nueva obra de Juan Carlos Velasco busca precisamente abordar con carácter descriptivo, valorativo y normativo uno de esos retos, las migraciones internacionales, y adopta para ello una mirada cosmopolita. La misma se inserta así dentro del corpus teórico de carácter cosmopolita que, principalmente desde el final de la Guerra Fría, una corriente de pensadores está desarrollando con la voluntad de dar respuestas a los temas de nuestro tiempo... (shrink)

En el artículo se aborda la relación entre vida activa y vida contemplativa en Platón desde la República. Teniendo en cuenta la figura del rey filósofo argumentamos que en Platón no hay oposición alguna entre uno y otro modo de vida, sino que, al contrario, la vida filosófica tal como se presenta en el diálogo debe incluir tanto acción como contemplación. Esta tesis la sostendremos a partir de dos elementos: las características del conocimiento que alcanza el filósofo a través de (...) la contemplación y el necesario descenso que debe llevar a cabo el filósofo una vez ha aprehendido las Ideas. (shrink)

Exploramos la discusión que propone Jacques Derrida acerca de las delimitaciones entre lo humano y lo no humano, para controvertir la excepcionalidad antropocéntrica y la figura del sujeto que le corresponde, esta última definida por la posibilidad de auto posicionarse en contraste con lo no humano y lo animal. Se muestra que en la filosofía derridiana la animalidad y la escritura despliegan figuras de la alteridad radical que problematizan los límites que definen lo humano y las características que se señalan (...) como lo propio y esencial del “hombre”, ya que, al estar regida por lo indecidible, la escritura es una mediación que contamina con su reiteracción y exterioridad. Esto es posible gracias a que la dinámica de la escritura en tanto que traza remite más allá de lo humano y de lo viviente, hacia lo técnico y artefactual. Lo que permite entrar en el debate de los posthumanismos, para confrontar dos posiciones que niegan a la filosofía derridiana lograr una crítica radical al humanismo y a las figuras de la subjetividad que implica. (shrink)

Con este conjunto de textos, queremos convocar a lectores e investigadores a entablar debates académicos desde el ámbito de la filosofía y de las humanidades, para alimentar los procesos tan necesarios en nuestra región y en las instituciones universitarias. Les invitamos, entonces, a consultar, discutir y difundir los textos que presentamos en este número.

En esta edicción de la Revista presentamos una serie de artículos que en su diversidad temática y en sus diferentes énfoques teóricos tiene en común dos temas cruciales en la reflexión filósofica que hoy cuentan con extrema vigencia: la cuestion de la escritura y la de la subjetividad (en sus vertienes estética y política). En ese orden de ideas, resulta de gran relevancia el cumulo de debates aquí presentados, asi como las opciones teóricas para abordarlos.

La última noche es un catálogo fotográfico lanzado en 2018 por el artista vallecaucano Juan José Horta, fruto de una edición e impresión independientes, llevadas a cabo mediante microfinanciación colectiva. El trabajo presenta de modo alternativo una de tantas instancias del proceso de paz en Colombia, culminado protocolariamente con la firma del acuerdo de septiembre de 2016: un episodio de desmovilización y entrega de armas por parte de miembros del grupo rebelde al margen de la ley Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de (...) Colombia. Por tanto, La última noche se enmarca en la temática del llamado pos-conflicto. (shrink)

Este número misceláneo de la revista Disertaciones continua ahondando en la pluralidad de perspectivas y apuestas filosóficas que comprenden su línea editorial, dando cabida a textos que revisan discusiones epistemológicas, políticas, estéticas y relacionadas con el ejercicio filosófico situado en Latinoamérica. Nuevamente, contamos con artículos de autores de Argentina y Brasil, así como con una cuota de autores nacionales que aportan a la pluralidad de esta edición. Cabe destacar que continuamos con la apertura a la recepción y publicación de textos (...) en portugués, dado que esta es una manera de incentivar diálogos de saberes desde las diferentes latitudes de nuestro continente. (shrink)

Este número de la revista Disertaciones se presenta como un homenaje en memoria del profesor Jairo Urrea Henao. Nuestra portada lo presenta sentado en las inmediaciones del espacio de arte y memoria “Fragmentos” del Museo Nacional en Bogotá, un contra-monumento a la memoria de las victimas del conflicto en Colombia. Agradecemos a María Teresa Cruz Restrepo por su gentileza al aportarnos la fotografía que ella misma tomara de su compañero de vida. Incluso en diciembre del año 2020 contamos con la (...) compañía de Jairo. Gracias a las mediaciones tecnológicas que el contexto de pandemia había impuesto, su voz circulaba entre estudiantes y docentes del Programa de filosofía y de la Universidad del Quindío. A los cuales dedicó comprometida y tenazmente largos años de su enseñanza y de su comprensión del quehacer filosófico. (shrink)

Los interrogantes en torno a la política y a la verdad han acompañado el ejercicio filosófico a lo largo de su historia. Dado el contexto político actual, resulta innegable la necesidad de replantear insistentemente las posibles relaciones y configuraciones que pueden asumir tales conceptos, así como las problemáticas que involucra. Prueba de esto la otorga este número de la Revista, para el cual propusimos un dossier que permitiera reunir algunas reflexiones al respecto. Aunque las posibles perspectivas de análisis acerca de (...) la política y la verdad sean numerosas, nos contentamos con presentar algunas de ellas condesadas en las contribuciones recibidas en esta ocasión. (shrink)

El debate entre la autonomía o la utilidad de las obras de arte tiene un escenario especial en las artes que pasan por el lenguaje y por la escritura. Es por ello que al tratar sobre literatura y la poesía se confrontan posiciones divergentes respecto a la correspondencia de las obras con momentos históricos o con proyectos de intervención en la sociedad. Por el contrario, tambien se puede considerar si las obras son independientes de los acontecimientos del entorno social y (...) geográfico de su creación. La versión que Sartre nos ofrece de esta problemática es de relevancia para entender algunas variantes de estas disputas entre teóricos que aceptan o rechazan los postulados de este escritor francés, quien considera que la literatura debe asumir un compromiso y denunciar la situación de miseria en la sociedad para buscar cambiar esas condiciones. (shrink)

Recoge: Fe y cultura; El tomismo en la iglesia; Neotomismo y pensamiento socieconómico contemporáneo; Objetividad, neutralidad y normatividad de la ciencia económica.

El vínculo del arte con la filosofía es persistente en los escritos de Walter Benjamin, vínculo nunca ajeno a consideraciones religiosas, políticas e históricas; ya que arte y filosofía son formas de expresión en devenir histórico. Precisamente, los planteamientos sobre el lenguaje que realiza este filósofo son un punto de partida indispensable para su abordaje de cuestiones artísticas. Este texto se ocupará de mostrar cómo en “Sobre el lenguaje en general y sobre el lenguaje humano”, se prefiguran las relaciones entre (...) lenguaje, arte e historia que se desarrollarán en El origen del Trauerspiel alemán y que desembocarán en el estudio acerca de la alegoría como recurso alternativo al símbolo y de valor teórico para el estudio de las obras de arte. (shrink)

This article studies natural food packaging as enabling artifacts of the traditional material culture of Antioquia in Colombia. For this purpose, we consider artifacts as objective nodes that combine design and use intentions, functions, materials, histories, artifactual lineages, and cooperative relationships that stabilize ritualized practices of a human group. We take the example of natural packaging as artifacts that enablers and stabilizers of traditional cooking and food preparation practices. Natural packaging materials are here assumed to be leaves having some favorable (...) property to contain a food product. After providing a theoretical reflection, we analyze the data collected from fieldwork we conducted in two towns in Antioquia, Colombia (Santa Fe de Antioquia and Amagá), as well as from an interview with an expert in the field. Finally, we show that it is possible to postulate an analysis under a relational ontological description of a traditional practice with conceptual categories of the philosophy of technology. (shrink)

Starting from Brentano’s classical characterization of intentionality, we review the radical enactivist proposal about basic cognition and show that the underlying assumption that stripping teleosemantics of its representationalist commitments results in no explanatory loss is unwarranted. Significant features of basic cognition are lost, or so we argue, with the RECtification of teleosemantics that are retrieved by means of an alternative dubbed metaphysically non-committal content-ascriptivism.

In this critical notice we review Bozickovic's recent attempt to settle two interrelated issues: (i) the issue of the cognitive significance of indexical thoughts expressed at a time in the face of difficulties posed by cases in which the subject either mistakes two objects for one or one for two different objects; (ii) that of the cognitive dynamics of temporal indexical thoughts in the face of difficulties posed by cases in which the belief seems to be retained while the proper (...) adjustments fail to be made (that is, in cases such as Rip Van Winkle's). We argue that, despite its elegance and merits, the proposal falls short of accounting for the problematic cases in their full complexity. For one thing, the intended non-modal construal of Frege's Criterion of Difference promoted by Bozickovic does not block, in our view, the "proliferation" of senses brought about by the occasion-sensitivity of the individuation of demonstrative thoughts. For another, the proposal fails to appreciate the need for the subject to have an adequate conception of the object of her thought when it comes to orienting herself in space and time. That being so, we conclude that neither (i) nor (ii) is settled. (shrink)

Modelling the semantic behaviour of expressives in such a way that one be in a position to predict some, at least, of their distinctive properties is the purpose of any theory aiming at accounting for so-called expressive meaning. In this paper, we review a semantic framework coined by its author the Theory of Bias. We show that the two-tiered account of the meaning of expressives (notably, sentential interjections and pejorative epithets) favored by this framework has the resources to provide a (...) consistent explanation of their semantic behaviour in prima facie awkward statements such as ‘alas, I am unfavorably disposed towards something’ or ‘that stupid Trump isn’t stupid’. On the critical side, we argue that, not being intended to account for the meaning of expressives alone, the theory has hard times explaining the unshiftability of their bias, as opposed to the shiftability of the bias of discourse particles —a further member, according to some authors, of the category of expressives lato sensu— and that it fails to pinpoint unpluggability as the crucial test for expressive content. We conclude that, in spite of its merits, the theory need be theoretically enhanced and methodologically sharpened. (shrink)

En este artículo se exploran algunas de las relaciones entre lenguaje y subjetividad presentes en el pensamiento de Emmanuel Lévinas, principalmente, en sus obras Totalidad e infinito y De otro modo que ser. Asimismo, se expone cómo, para Lévinas, la subjetividad y el lenguaje se implican mutuamente para cuestionar la primacía del discurso ontológico e idealizante en la tradición filosófica. Lo que permite concluir que para Lévinas la subjetividad y el lenguaje son indisociables porque comparten su significancia ética y no (...) ontológica u epistemológica. (shrink)

En los años recorridos de este siglo XXI la filosofía de la educación y la enseñanza de la filosofía, particularmente en Colombia e Iberoamérica, se han convertido en campos de acción y de profunda reflexión. Dado que ponen en discusión la relación de las filosofías con su pasado, con las instituciones y llevan necesariamente a preguntarnos por su quehacer en el presente y sus condiciones a futuro. Los debates teóricos y la confrontación de perspectivas han venido ganando fuerza, como lo (...) evidencia la producción académica derivada de resultados de investigación, y las reflexiones realizadas por docentes de filosofía en facultades o programas de filosofía al igual que en los espacios universitarios de formación en educación. Un buen número de publicaciones de artículos de revistas y libros, así como contenidos en formatos de radio, blogs y otros posibilitados por plataformas de internet y redes sociales, dan cuenta de esta fructífera y necesaria producción intelectual en un área que es igualmente importante y necesaria para la formación y quehacer filosófico en Colombia e Iberoamérica. Además, es destacable la periódica realización de congresos internacionales, nacionales y las asociaciones que tienen a la enseñanza de la filosofía y a su relación con el discurso y la práxis educativa como nodos importantes. (shrink)

Culture has traditionally been considered as a set of knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, norms, and morals, acquired by a human being as a member of a group. Some anthropologists interpret this as a set of abstract representations, such as information or knowledge, while others interpret it as behavioral control mechanisms. These views assume that the contents of a particular culture must be processed by the minds of individuals, either in a direct way or by resorting to learned mental structures in (...) processes of symbolic socialization. Some critics suggest a problem with these perspectives since they do not provide a convincing explanation of the enculturation process beyond metaphorical images of transfer or internalization of symbolic cultural contents through linguistic transmission. The new embodied theories of cognition, especially enactivism, could give new ideas about what enculturation processes are like, through the concept of participatory sense-making in material culture environments. In this essay, we discuss how an enactive vision of culture could be, and what advantages it would have, as well as the challenges and weaknesses in explaining the culture and its learning processes. (shrink)

El tema de la hospitalidad fue suficientemente analizado por Jacques Derrida, el pensador francés de la deconstrucción. Este artículo busca investigar la cuestión de la hospitalidad considerando la oposición radical, la aporía, entre la ley de la hospitalidad incondicional, en su singularidad universal, y las leyes de la hospitalidad condicional. ¿Quién se encuentra apto para la hospitalidad? ¿Alguien que dice su nombre? ¿Una sujeto de derecho? ¿Un extranjero? Exploraremos algunas de las condiciones para responder a esta pregunta: la hospitalidad como (...) un asunto del lugar, como un asunto del lenguaje y como un asunto del nombre. (shrink)

According to the implicit commitment thesis, once accepting a mathematical formal system S, one is implicitly committed to additional resources not immediately available in S. Traditionally, this thesis has been understood as entailing that, in accepting S, we are bound to accept reflection principles for S and therefore claims in the language of S that are not derivable in S itself. It has recently become clear, however, that such reading of the implicit commitment thesis cannot be compatible with well-established positions (...) in the foundations of mathematics which consider a specific theory S as self-justifying and doubt the legitimacy of any principle that is not derivable in S: examples are Tait’s finitism and the role played in it by Primitive Recursive Arithmetic, Isaacson’s thesis and Peano Arithmetic, Nelson’s ultrafinitism and sub-exponential arithmetical systems. This casts doubts on the very adequacy of the implicit commitment thesis for arithmetical theories. In the paper we show that such foundational standpoints are nonetheless compatible with the implicit commitment thesis. We also show that they can even be compatible with genuine soundness extensions of S with suitable form of reflection. The analysis we propose is as follows: when accepting a system S, we are bound to accept a fixed set of principles extending S and expressing minimal soundness requirements for S, such as the fact that the non-logical axioms of S are true. We call this invariant component the semantic core of implicit commitment. But there is also a variable component of implicit commitment that crucially depends on the justification given for our acceptance of S in which, for instance, may or may not appear reflection principles for S. We claim that the proposed framework regulates in a natural and uniform way our acceptance of different arithmetical theories. (shrink)

The series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review (...) within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Readership: research chemists at universities or in industry, graduate students. (shrink)

The cognitive impairments shown by brain-damaged patients emphasize the role of task difficulty as a major determinant for performance. We discuss the proposal of Kurzban et al. in light of our findings on right-hemisphere–damaged patients, who show increasing awareness deficits for the contralesional hemispace when engaged with resource-consuming dual tasks. This phenomenon is readily explained by the assumption of unspecific depletable resources.

The Coronavirus Covid 19 pandemic has produced terrible effects in the world economy and is shaking social and political stability around the world. The world of sport has obviously been severely affected by the pandemic, as authorities progressively canceled all level of competitions, including the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. In Spain, the initial government-lockdown closed the Sports High-performance Centers, and many other sports facilities. In order to support athlete's health and performance at crises like these, an online questionnaire named (...) RECOVID-19, was designed to assess how athletes were living their lives during such periods of home confinement. The main purpose of the questionnaire was to assess the impact of prolongued confinement on athlete's psychological, emotional, and behavioral performance. One thousand, two hundred forty-eight athletes participated in the survey. They had the fllowing characteristics:, who compete at National and International level. Results showed that during the confinement period, those athletes who lacked motivation reported a higher level of stressful thoughts, more behavioral problems, and greater emotional upheaval. However, those athletes who accepted confinement measures as necessary, and were in favor of respecting the rules of social isolation, fostered positive emotional states such as feelings of friendship. In addition, the availability of some sport equipment together with the ability to continue some training, were protective factors against emotional stress, lack of motivation and behavioral problems; and they were associated with greater respect for, and adherence to, confinement rules. Gender differences, tested by multigroup analysis, revealed that coping activities were more often associated to negative emotional states among women, whereas the ongoing availability of training information and future conditions were equally protective factors for both genders. This study also showed that receiving coaching, support and completing frequent training routines seem to be valuable tools to prevent or reduce some of the harmful effects of isolation on athlete's emotional well-being. The conclusions derived from this research would possibly help sport authorities to design supporting policies and plans to support athletes and trainers in future disruptive health crises. (shrink)

Literature reports that depressive symptoms may precede suicidal ideation. Several studies have identified social support and substance use as moderators of this relationship. However, no study has evaluated these variables together by testing how substance use can affect the moderating effect of social support in this relationship. The purpose of this article is to individually evaluate dimensions of social support (friends, family, significant others, and school) and substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs), as moderators of the relationship between (...) depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation; as well as analyze the moderating role of substance use in the moderation exerted by social support in this relationship. This study, quantitative and cross-sectional, considered 775 adolescents [Average age = 15.48 (SD = 0.96), 45.9% women], from 20 randomly selected schools in Santiago de Chile. Simple moderation models were used to analyze possible moderators separately, and double moderation models were used to analyze the moderating role of substance use in the moderating effect of social support. The results show that the four dimensions of social support moderate the relationship between depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation, showing the strongest interaction in the case of family support, followed by support of a significant person, support at school, and support of friends, in that order. On the other hand, alcohol was the only drug that moderated the relationship in question. In addition, the results show that the use of alcohol limits the moderating effect of social support in the fields of family, significant person, and school support, but not in the case of support of friends. The use of marijuana and other illicit drugs did not affect the moderating effects of social support for any of the areas evaluated. The results are discussed according to the different roles that alcohol use can play in adolescence, and how these, together with perceived social support, are related to the emergence of suicidal ideation from depressive symptoms. (shrink)